Sleep Problems in Narcolepsy and the Role of Hypocretin/Orexin Deficiency

Since its description in the 19th century, narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) has been considered as a model sleep disorder, and after discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) onset gateway to understanding REM sleep. The that NT1 is caused by hypocretin/orexin deficiency, together with neurochemical studies this system, helped establish how neuropeptide regulates organization wake humans. Current analyses suggest main functions system are (1) maintenance wakefulness face moderate deprivation; (2) passive promotion, especially evening, driven circadian clock; (3) inhibition sleep, possible differential modulating effects on various subcomponents sleep-stage, explaining dissociation events NT1. Narcolepsy also associated an inability consolidate more complex phenotype may result from secondary changes or be central role hypocretin coordinating activity other sleep- wake-promoting systems. Novel technologies, such use deep learning analysis electroencephalographic signals, revealing pattern abnormalities human can used diagnostically. availability novel devices measuring 24 h per day holds promise provide new insights into brain electrical muscle tone regulated hypocretin.